What Ship Sank At Pearl Harbor

The morning of December 7, 1941, dawned like any other Sunday in Honolulu, Hawaii. But within hours, the tranquility was shattered. A surprise attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy plunged the United States into World War II, leaving a scar on American history that remains vivid to this day. Among the battleships arrayed in Battleship Row at Pearl Harbor, one ship suffered a particularly devastating blow: the USS Arizona, a Pennsylvania-class battleship.

The attack on Pearl Harbor wasn't just an assault on military infrastructure; it was an attack on American soil and spirit. While numerous ships sustained damage, and some even sank, the sinking of the USS Arizona stands out for its catastrophic loss of life and its transformation into a solemn memorial. To truly grasp the enormity of this event, it’s crucial to understand the full picture of what happened that day, and why the USS Arizona became such a potent symbol of the Pearl Harbor attack.

The USS Arizona: A Detailed Look

Before the bombs fell, the USS Arizona was a vital part of the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet. Understanding her history, specifications, and role in the Navy is essential to appreciating the magnitude of her loss.

History and Background

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was laid down in 1914 at the New York Naval Shipyard and commissioned in 1916. Named in honor of the 48th state, she represented the pinnacle of American battleship design at the time. During the interwar period, the Arizona underwent several modernizations to keep pace with evolving naval technology, including upgrades to her anti-aircraft weaponry and fire control systems.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the USS Arizona participated in numerous training exercises and goodwill tours, projecting American naval power across the globe. She played a crucial role in fleet maneuvers and served as a symbol of American strength. In the months leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Arizona was stationed there as part of the Pacific Fleet, a strategic location intended to deter Japanese aggression.

Technical Specifications

The USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship, known for its powerful armament and heavy armor. Key specifications included:

Displacement: Approximately 31,400 tons
Length: 608 feet
Beam: 97 feet
Draft: 30 feet
Armament: Twelve 14-inch guns in four triple turrets, numerous 5-inch guns, and anti-aircraft guns
Armor: Heavy armor plating along the hull and turrets to withstand enemy fire
Speed: Capable of approximately 21 knots

These specifications highlight the Arizona's formidable capabilities as a battleship, designed to engage in heavy combat and withstand significant damage.

Role in the Navy

As a battleship, the USS Arizona's primary role was to provide heavy firepower and protection to the fleet. Battleships were the capital ships of their time, serving as both offensive and defensive assets. The Arizona's presence in the Pacific Fleet was meant to project American power and deter potential adversaries.

In addition to its combat role, the USS Arizona also served as a training platform for naval personnel. Sailors gained valuable experience operating and maintaining the ship's complex systems, preparing them for potential conflicts. The Arizona's crew was a diverse mix of officers and enlisted men, all dedicated to serving their country.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor: A Catastrophic Day

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a meticulously planned operation by the Japanese, aimed at crippling the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The events of that day unfolded with devastating speed and precision, catching the Americans largely by surprise.

The Initial Assault

At 7:55 a.m. local time on December 7, 1941, the first wave of Japanese aircraft descended on Pearl Harbor. These planes, launched from six aircraft carriers, targeted the battleships anchored in Battleship Row, as well as airfields and other military installations. The attack was swift and overwhelming, with Japanese pilots employing dive bombing and torpedo attacks to maximize damage.

The USS Arizona was among the first ships to be hit. A high-altitude bomber dropped an 800 kg (1,760 lb) armor-piercing bomb that penetrated the ship's deck near Turret II. This single bomb caused a catastrophic explosion in the forward ammunition magazine, instantly igniting over a million pounds of gunpowder.

The Explosion and Sinking

The explosion on the USS Arizona was one of the largest non-nuclear blasts in history. The force of the explosion ripped through the ship, causing massive damage and instantly killing hundreds of sailors. The forward section of the ship was completely destroyed, and a towering inferno erupted from the wreckage.

Within minutes, the USS Arizona settled on the harbor floor, a twisted mass of steel and flames. The attack continued for nearly two hours, with subsequent waves of Japanese aircraft targeting other ships and installations. By the time the attack ended, Pearl Harbor was in ruins, and the United States was at war.

Casualties and Aftermath

The attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the deaths of 2,403 Americans, including 1,177 sailors and Marines on board the USS Arizona. The ship became a tomb for those who perished, and their remains are still entombed within the wreckage.

In the aftermath of the attack, the United States declared war on Japan, entering World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor galvanized public opinion and united the country in its determination to defeat the Axis powers. The wreckage of the USS Arizona remained in Pearl Harbor as a stark reminder of the cost of war and the need for vigilance.

From Tragedy to Memorial: The USS Arizona Today

In the years following the attack, the USS Arizona transformed from a sunken warship into a hallowed memorial. Its story continues to resonate with visitors from around the world, serving as a symbol of sacrifice and remembrance.

The USS Arizona Memorial

In 1962, the USS Arizona Memorial was dedicated at Pearl Harbor. The memorial, a white structure spanning the sunken battleship, serves as a place of reflection and remembrance. Visitors can view the wreckage of the Arizona through an opening in the memorial floor, and oil still leaks from the ship's hull to this day, often referred to as "the tears of the Arizona."

The memorial is accessible only by boat, and visitors are required to watch a short documentary about the attack on Pearl Harbor before touring the site. The experience is deeply moving, and visitors are encouraged to pay their respects to the fallen sailors and Marines.

Significance and Remembrance

The USS Arizona Memorial is one of the most visited sites in Hawaii, attracting millions of visitors each year. It serves as a powerful reminder of the events of December 7, 1941, and the sacrifices made by those who served. The memorial also honors all those who lost their lives in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Each year, on December 7, a memorial ceremony is held at Pearl Harbor to commemorate the anniversary of the attack. Survivors of the attack, along with dignitaries and members of the public, gather to pay their respects and remember the fallen. The ceremony includes a moment of silence at 7:55 a.m., the exact time the attack began.

Survivor Stories

The stories of the survivors of the USS Arizona are both harrowing and inspiring. Many of those who survived the initial explosion suffered severe burns and injuries. Some were rescued from the water by fellow sailors and civilians, while others managed to swim to safety.

In the years following the attack, many survivors dedicated their lives to preserving the memory of the USS Arizona and their fallen comrades. They shared their stories with future generations, ensuring that the lessons of Pearl Harbor would never be forgotten. The number of living survivors continues to dwindle, but their legacy lives on through the memorial and the stories that are passed down.

Trends and Latest Developments

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the history of Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona. New research and discoveries continue to shed light on the events of that day, providing a more complete understanding of the attack.

New Discoveries and Research

Historians and archaeologists continue to study the wreckage of the USS Arizona and the surrounding area. New technologies, such as underwater sonar and remotely operated vehicles, have allowed researchers to map the site in greater detail and uncover artifacts that were previously inaccessible.

Recently, there has been a focus on identifying the remains of the unidentified sailors and Marines who perished on the USS Arizona. Advances in DNA technology have made it possible to identify some of these remains, allowing families to finally have closure.

Popular Opinion and Media Coverage

The story of the USS Arizona continues to captivate the public imagination. Numerous books, documentaries, and films have been produced about the attack on Pearl Harbor, keeping the memory of the event alive. The USS Arizona Memorial is frequently featured in travel guides and historical documentaries, ensuring that its story reaches a wide audience.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of preserving historical sites like the USS Arizona Memorial. Efforts are underway to protect the site from environmental damage and ensure that it remains accessible to future generations.

Professional Insights

According to naval historians, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a pivotal moment in American history. It demonstrated the vulnerability of naval forces to air power and led to significant changes in naval strategy and technology. The loss of the USS Arizona and the other battleships at Pearl Harbor forced the United States to rely more heavily on aircraft carriers, which ultimately proved to be the decisive weapon in the Pacific theater.

The attack also highlighted the importance of intelligence gathering and analysis. The United States had failed to anticipate the attack on Pearl Harbor, despite having access to some intelligence that suggested a possible Japanese offensive. This failure led to significant reforms in the intelligence community and a greater emphasis on threat assessment.

Tips and Expert Advice

Visiting the USS Arizona Memorial is a deeply moving and educational experience. Here are some tips and expert advice for making the most of your visit:

Planning Your Visit

Book in Advance: Reservations are highly recommended, especially during peak tourist season. Tickets can be booked online through the National Park Service website.
Arrive Early: Arriving early in the day can help you avoid crowds and long lines. The memorial opens at 7:00 a.m.
Allow Enough Time: Plan to spend at least two to three hours at the Pearl Harbor National Memorial, including the USS Arizona Memorial tour.
Check the Schedule: Before you go, check the schedule for any closures or special events that may affect your visit.
Consider a Guided Tour: Several tour companies offer guided tours of Pearl Harbor, which can provide additional insights and historical context.

What to Expect

Security: Be prepared for security screenings at the entrance to the Pearl Harbor National Memorial. Certain items, such as bags and purses, are prohibited.
Dress Code: Dress respectfully when visiting the USS Arizona Memorial. Swimsuits and revealing clothing are not permitted.
The Movie: Before boarding the boat to the memorial, you will be required to watch a short documentary about the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The Memorial: The USS Arizona Memorial is a solemn and reflective place. Visitors are asked to maintain a respectful demeanor and refrain from loud talking or disruptive behavior.
Oil Leaks: You may notice oil leaking from the wreckage of the USS Arizona. This oil, often referred to as "the tears of the Arizona," is a poignant reminder of the tragedy that occurred there.

Showing Respect

Silence: Maintain silence while on the memorial and during the documentary.
Photography: Photography is permitted, but be mindful of the solemn atmosphere and avoid taking selfies or posing for photos that could be considered disrespectful.
Leave No Trace: Do not leave any trash or belongings on the memorial or in the surrounding area.
Pay Your Respects: Take a moment to reflect on the sacrifices made by the sailors and Marines who perished on the USS Arizona.
Learn More: Take the time to learn more about the history of Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona. Read books, watch documentaries, and visit the other exhibits at the Pearl Harbor National Memorial.

FAQ

Q: What exactly happened to the USS Arizona?

A: The USS Arizona was struck by a Japanese bomb that penetrated its deck and detonated the forward ammunition magazine, causing a massive explosion and sinking the ship.

Q: How many people died on the USS Arizona?

A: 1,177 sailors and Marines died on board the USS Arizona during the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Q: Can you visit the USS Arizona?

A: Yes, you can visit the USS Arizona Memorial, which spans the sunken wreckage of the ship.

Q: Is the USS Arizona still leaking oil?

A: Yes, oil continues to leak from the ship's hull to this day.

Q: How do I get tickets to visit the USS Arizona Memorial?

A: Tickets can be reserved online through the National Park Service website, or you can try to obtain same-day tickets on a first-come, first-served basis.

Q: Are there any age restrictions for visiting the memorial?

A: No, there are no age restrictions, but visitors should be aware that the experience can be emotionally intense.

Q: What should I wear when visiting the USS Arizona Memorial?

A: Dress respectfully. Swimsuits and revealing clothing are not permitted.

Conclusion

The USS Arizona remains a powerful symbol of the Pearl Harbor attack and a poignant reminder of the cost of war. Its story is one of tragedy, sacrifice, and remembrance, and its legacy continues to inspire and educate visitors from around the world. Understanding the history of the USS Arizona, the events of December 7, 1941, and the memorial that stands in its honor is essential for appreciating the significance of this pivotal moment in American history.

If you've found this article informative, share it with your friends and family to help keep the memory of the USS Arizona alive. Leave a comment below to share your thoughts or personal experiences related to Pearl Harbor. And if you're planning a visit to the USS Arizona Memorial, be sure to follow the tips and advice provided to make the most of your experience.